Critique of Theoretical Framework

Religion, Social Policy, and Social Work Practice Faith-based Services in Public Welfare It is commonly acknowledged that the congregation has been a locus of social assistance and social change since America's commencement, and â€Å"that the idea of human administrations developed, in any event halfway, from a strict base† (Ellor, Netting, ; Thibault, 1999, p. 13). Besides, it is perceived that the social work calling in the United States was affected by a long history of strict conventions (Ellor et al, 1999; Hugen, 2012; Rosethal, 2006).The social government assistance framework that developed in the United States, ormerly and directly, keeps on being a blend of religious and common associations and gatherings with enhanced viewpoints and approaches (Ellor et al, 1999). The assorted points of view and ways to deal with social government assistance in the United States are established in a broad exhibit of perspectives and confidence conventions. The U. S. is a pluralistic culture described by a decent variety of individuals, conclusions, and religions (Monsma, 2012).The church is just one of numerous spots where social government assistance ideations have showed themselves, and the fights against social shameful acts have been battled. For a long time an extraordinary assortment of strictly partnered associations, schools, emergency clinics, and social assistance organizations have gotten government assistance financing. There is nothing significantly new about the consideration of religious associations in the conveyance of social government assistance administrations to the disappointed and defenseless populaces (Karger et al, 2007).What is new is the noticeable quality of postmodern, humanistic philosophies in social government assistance that started in the twentieth century (Hugen, 2012). The conflicts between present-day humanistic and religious belief systems have generated an enduring political discussion over the rightness of government undi ng of religious social administrations. A significant milestone for this political discussion happened in 1996 when the United States Congress passed a lot of arrangements under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) segment 104†also known as the Charitable Choice condition (Daly, 2009; Wuthnow, 2004).Charitable Choice evacuated a large number of the limitations on incorporating strict substance with religious conveyance of social administrations, and situated religious social assistance organizations as proportional to common social help offices (Karger et al, 2007). The ovement to consolidate religious social help offices was additionally powered by President George W. Shrub's Faith Based and Community Initiative (FBCI) (Kennedy and Bielefeld, 2006; Daly, 2009; and Wuthnow, 2004).The Bush organization meant to complete two things dependent on the center Judicious standards of Charitable Choice: first, to expand the measure of bureaucrati c social-government assistance assets going to religious associations; and second, to secure the authoritative self-rule and strict character of these gatherings when contracted with the administration (Daly, 2007). Because of the Bush-time FBCI, eleven confidence and network based workplaces were made n government offices, and numerous states started to create projects to grow the job of religious social administrations in conveying against neediness help (Reingold, Pirog and Brady, 2007).The Bush-time religious activity was sufficient that the Bush organization's proposed spending plan for 2002 designated almost $90 million to associations that extended or copied models ot tai tn-based social assistance programs (Twombly, 2002). Today, as per the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), there are 956,738 open causes, 97,435 private establishments, and 70,745 different kinds of philanthropic associations (NCCS, 2013). As per the NCCS Core Files, open causes detailed over $ 1. 59 trillion in absolute incomes, and $1. 9 trillion in absolute costs in 2011. Of the open foundations' incomes: 22% originated from commitments, blessings and government awards; 72% originated from program administration incomes, which incorporate government expenses and contracts; and 6% originated from â€Å"other† sources (NCCS, 2013). Blackwood, Roeger, and PettiJohn (2012) uncover that there was a 42. 3% development in the number 501(c)(3) open causes from 2000 to 2010. In New York State alone, there are 1 5,362 strict or profoundly related open foundations (IRS Business Master File 04/2010).Eric Twombly (2002), a subsidiary of The Urban Institute, and Ira Colby (2007), a social work educator at the University of Houston, call attention to that numerous religious associations, for example, The Salvation Army, United Jewish Communities, Catholic Charities, and Lutheran Social Services have generally gotten government support and assumed a critical job in social help a rrangements in the United States. These gatherings are key players in numerous neighborhoods both direct ocial arrangement and defining taxpayer driven organization priorities.The objective of this exposition is to investigate the political discussion over Charitable Choice and the religious activity, and also, to reveal the suggestions for social work practice and social work instruction from this discussion. It is obvious that religious associations assume a significant job in the conveyance of social government assistance administrations in the United States (Nagel, 2006). To start our investigation of this issue, we will take a gander at the pertinent perspectives and conviction frameworks that help or discredit the national government backing of religious social assistance agencies.Worldview/Belief Issues Republicans have supported the privatization of social government assistance and fortified the estimation of charities. Moderate scholars accept that chapels can address gover nment assistance superior to the administration and the common social help framework (Cnaan and Boddie, 2002). Traditionalists vivaciously assault the conviction that legislature should back and convey social administrations to the populace (Karger et al, 2007). Preservationists contend privatization has become an oddity in social government assistance in light of the fact that the private part has been used in administration arrangement and goes before the government assistance state in numerous instances.David Osborne and Ted Gaebler (1992) affirm in Reinventing Government that the private and open areas have various jobs. The administration's job should comprise essentially of building up the destinations of social arrangement, and the private segment job should comprise of executing the strategy. David Stoesz (2007) co-creator of American Social Welfare Policy contends, â€Å"nonprofit associations have been helpless contenders, regularly missing out to for-benefit firms† (p. 193).He further affirms that the idea of not-for-profits make them less serious than business firms, and when for-benefits nter a similar market, they regularly take a generous part of the market until philanthropies receive a similar administration systems and become increasingly effective. An enormous supposition that is this: if for-benefits presume that they can produce a benefit by offering better assistance than a demographic, they will look to subcontract with the administration and give the service.Conversely, Ira Colby (2007) the Dean and Professor of social work at the University of Houston declares that privatization of social administrations as the response to making ettective help arrangements tor the poor is a â€Å"grossly incorrect assumption† (p. 194). As per Colby (2007) the catchphrases of â€Å"compassionate conservative† or â€Å"faith-based social services† are essentially reemerging thoughts from a past government assistance time wher e more prominent dependence on the private division was emphasized.Liberal belief system attests that the administration should assume a focal job in the arrangement of services†that government is liable for guaranteeing that all individuals, paying little mind to status throughout everyday life, get required administrations and supports that amplify their prosperity and capacity to take an interest in the public arena. Generally, essential social administrations are the matter of the administration (Colby, 2007). Monsma (2012) distinguishes 5 factors that underlie and work to shape how dissidents see the open job of religious organizations.The first is a solid accentuation on the free, self-sufficient, picking person. The second is a doubt of conventional qualities and religion when they enter the open square. The third is considering government to be a possibly positive power for social change and improvement. Fourth is its grip of the exacting church-state partition, no-gui de to-religion standard. The fifth and last factor is the heritage of the nondiscrimination statuses of the 1960s. These elements, which can be onsidered convictions, lead nonconformists to look contrarily upon religious human assistance providers.The accentuation is by all accounts rather on opportunity of decision and what the legislature can conceivably do to improve cultural conditions. Fire up. Robert Owens (2001) sets that a negative relationship exists between the measure of financing got by strict associations and the quality of strict strategic. Owens, in his position against open subsidizing of strict associations, contends that tolerant government cash to offer social support programs just develops the disarray in networks about who works for whom. Tolerating government cash turns the state/church relationship upside down†where the congregation works for the state.The arrangement at that point is to keep strict assemblages free of the impact of government. Political , Legal, Social Policy After the Great Depression, President Roosevelt's New Deal political ideations concentrated on the auxiliary conditions adding to neediness and social imbalance. In view of the downturn, it had become evident that individual ethical quality couldn't forestall or be the essential driver of neediness (Nagal, 2006). In this way, the open duty regarding ocial government assistance was accentuated, and the well known good measurement was limited in social help delivery.Following the New Deal period, the Reagan organization moved the concentration back to the consideration of religious association in social assistance arrangements. President Reagan conside

Malcolm a Homemade Education free essay sample

Down condition is the most widely recognized reason for mental retardationDown disorder is the most well-known reason for mental impediment. It is brought about by the nearness of an additional chromosome. Chromosomes contain groupings of DNA considered qualities that speak to the hereditary data that exists inside a cell. Twenty-three unmistakable sets of chromosomes which is 46 altogether. They are situated inside the core (a district of the cell that is limited by a particular layer, and which houses the hereditary material). At the point when a sperm cell prepares an egg cell, the recently made zygote regularly gets 23 chromosomes from each parent. The commitment of hereditary data from each parent is the thing that makes each infant a particular mix of the two attributes. In Down disorder a misstep during division of the sperm or egg cell creates a phone with an additional chromosome 21. This occasion happens during cell division and is alluded to as nondisjunction, or the disappointment of all chromosomes to independently appropriately bringing about maintenance of one of the chromosomes in one of the two new little girl cells. We will compose a custom article test on Malcolm a Homemade Education or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is likewise called trisomy 21 and is represented 95% of all Down condition patients. An uncommon number of Down disorder cases the first egg and sperm cells starts with the right number of chromosomes yet not long after treatment during the stage where cells are separating quickly a solitary cell can isolate strangely making a line of cells with an additional chromosome 21. It’s called a phone line mosaicism. The person with this sort of down condition has two kinds of cells: nearly 46 chromosomes which is the typical number and some with 47. People who are mosaic for trisomy 21 regularly have less cut off sign and manifestations of the confusion. Another are area that can cause down disorder is known as a chromosome translocation. This is an even that not at all like the numerical anomalous causing trisomy 21, there is a basic variation from the norm. Trade of material from two distinct chromosomes during the creation of sex cells can occur to such an extent that there is an entire chromosome 21 appended to another chromosome however the chromosome number is typical. [1]These kinds of translocation including chromosome 21, happen in around 3-4% of instances of Down disorder. Old societies, for example, those in Greece, Rome, and Egypt, put incapacitated babies to death. Empathy toward the debilitated was stirred by the early Christian church, yet its beneficent impact disappeared during the medieval times. Down disorder additionally influenced this individuals because of nobody truly thinking about what was happening with the evil kids. Down condition has a great deal of causes and this is regularly what a few guardians need to know is the reason their kid is brought into the world with this disorder. Most occasions this is the reason they let you know while you are conveying your kid you have to observe intently and search for all indications of hereditary issue with pregnant. Down condition is a chromosomal issue as I said previously. A child is normally distinguished during childbirth through perception of a lot of regular physical attributes. Infants with Down condition will in general be excessively peaceful. At the point when I state that I mean less responsive with powerless floppy muscles. All things considered various physical signs may be available. This incorporates a level scaffold of the nose which is littler than typical. It’s a low set nose. They will in general have a little mouth with a projecting tongue, upward inclining eyes and furthermore additional folds of skin situated at the side of each eye, close to the nose. They will have little apparently turned ears and little hands also. Typically they have a strange profound wrinkle over the focal point of the palm and a deformed fifth finger. They will have a wide space between the huge and the subsequent toes and irregular wrinkles on the bottoms of the feet. They likewise experience shorter than ordinary tallness later on in their adolescence. Before hereditary testing opened up, Down disorder was analyzed dependent on certain run of the mill physical attributes. Not all individuals with Down condition have every one of these attributes however. This can differ from specific individuals and are brought about by the additional chromosomes. People with Down disorder likewise have joints that are looser than typical. Their skulls are short and expansive. Infants for the most part have additional skin on the rear of their neck, and as the youngster gets more established the neck regularly shows up short and more extensive than expected. [2]Facial shape is round in the infant and furthermore during early stages. At the point when the kid gets more established their face shape gets oval like. This is because of the underdevelopment they experience. Their cheeks are round and the teeth grow late and in a surprising request. Albeit Down condition isn't reparable and there will be no remedy for it, guardians, specialists, and furthermore the Down disorder people attempt to make the best out of life and take a stab at managing it. Advances in clinical treatment in the course of the last 40 to 50 years for conditions, for example, heart deserts and respiratory ailment have prompted sensational increments in the future of those with Down disorder. [3] Half of the kids brought into the world with Down disorder during the late 1960s made due to age 5. Bronchopneumonia, a respiratory ailment and heart deserts were the most well-known reasons for death. Presently about 80% of those brought into the world with it get by to age 10, and about half of them make due to age 50 or past. The ongoing measurements from different investigation places show that the spot of frequency of Down condition somewhere in the range of 1 of every 600 to 1 of every 1,000 live births. An investigation distributed by different individuals. Bawl and partners in 1998 of consolidated information from nine unique examinations found that the frequency shifts from 1 of every 1,445 live birth moms at age 10 to 1 of every 25 live births to moms at age 45. Down condition truly is a hard issue to live with and yet it has its focal points. Down disorder has no treatment choices however they have a great deal of projects to help adapt to this condition. The improvement of a kid is a cheerful thing. It includes stunning ohhs and ahhhs that would stun you consistently your kid explores new territory. All children from the time their ready to sit up by them and strolls are learning new things ordinary. Indeed, even as grown-ups we learn new things ordinary yet at the same time with Down disorder, everything that they achieve is exceptional. All children figure out how to build up their fine engine abilities however there are various angles with regards to Down condition kids. The improvement of engine aptitudes is hard. The main thing you need to do is have an established out framework of how you plan on instructing that youngster. This is exceptionally reliant on dependability. [4]Stability is having the option to push open a substantial entryway. It’s having the option to put on your shoes without falling. It is conveying a plate brimming with drinks. Its actually a rundown that goes on yet with this condition most things aren’t achieved on the grounds that down disorder babies need solidness. The greater part of the individuals analyzed mind this condition likewise will in general walk somewhat peculiar. They stroll from side to side and consistently have their head contorted. Presently as children get more established and arrive at their age past ten, at that point your not actually alright, however you can inhale a bit. Most scientists are as yet worried about the more established ones yet its actually the infants that most are stressed over. They will in general experience a ton as babies and unto there early newborn children stages. [5] Babies with Down condition endure a great deal. They have a great deal they feel and experience, yet being a newborn child and not having the option to talk doesn’t help by any stretch of the imagination. Being brought into the world with Down disorder you experience how it is starting there on and for an incredible remainder. Youngsters with this disorder quite often have some level of scholarly inability. That is the reason they adapt increasingly slow trouble with complex thinking and judgment. The level of scholarly disability different enormously. These children do realize and what they do realize they won't overlook. Down condition can not be forestalled yet it is People with Down disorder, whatever their age, are individuals first. They are individuals with capacities, qualities and shortcomings like every other person. They may have extra needs however first they have indistinguishable requirements from every other person of their age gathering. The nature of social insurance, training and network support furnished to youngsters and grown-ups with Down disorder has a genuine effect to their advancement all through life. This module gives a prologue to all the issues that should be routed to empower people with Down condition, and their families, to appreciate full and cheerful lives inside their networks. It offers an outline of the improvement of people with Down condition from earliest stages to grown-up life. It additionally gives an outline of the reasons for Down disorder, the frequency and pervasiveness of the condition, future and related training and human services needs. Youngsters with down condition experience issues with their stomach related tract at a rate that is a lot higher than that of other kids. [6] a portion of these issues, for example, blockage of the digestice tract can be perilous and can require crisis medical procedure. Blockage or atresia of the throat or the duodenum can cause starvation if not rectified. Atresia happens when the butt-centric opening doesn't create. This condition keeps strong waste from being disposed of from the intestinal tract and must be rectified precisely. Butt-centric stenosis will permit squander items to pass, yet will cause blockage. Gastroesophageal feflux is additionally increasingly normal in people with down condition. During this stage food reenters the throat from the stomach. This can cause regurgitating and disturbance of the throat. You can likewise have vision issue s with down disorder to. Postulations issues are normal with those enduring with down condition. Strabismus in which one or both euyes either truns in or out. Happens in 43% o

Lawinternational financial market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lawinternational money related market - Essay Example It would not be right to state that in the principal beginning period of this internationalization of the money related market, the principle issues that were looked by those included are more perceptible than the compensation it provided for all. On the off chance that we truly come to talk about the genuine picture, at that point one essential character of the market at that point was the controls and lethargic enlargement in Europe during the year 1990 and even some time after that .The Year 1997 and 1998 denoted the beginning of the Asian situation. Despite these happenings which approached as difficulties to the worldwide money related markets and the gatherings included in that. The genuine substance of the global exchange, then again stretched at an extremely quick speed, plateful to power steady quick financial improvement in heaps of cutting-edge markets and furthermore rising nations. By the side of the indistinguishable second in time, the improvements in that of worldwide fund incorporate nothing that can't be considered as anything lesser than being shy of cutting edge. Alongside the expansion in the across fringe appraisal of money related exchanges. The expanding pattern in the global market has taken up a swifter pace at a quick yet significant way. Additionally the business sectors have developed into them the qualities of historic new hazard move instruments. These Risk move Instruments additionally incorporate the different various types of Derivative protections. Alongside these tag along the novel money related foundations. Since the time the start of the year 2002, the repayment of this eliminate of globalization has go to be further detectable. Universal strengthening has with assurance surpassed understanding possibility, and furthermore it has been extremely unsettled. The rise and advancement of brand new hazard move advertises those are subsidiary protections has helped the way toward spreading hazard also to a great extent alongside advantageous accuracy. This, speculators are fit for conspiring their hazard profile with an incredible arrangement unrivaled viability than before. Just if triumphant, these progressions ought to have the option to encourage the ascending of the worldwide expansion bringing about creation the economy a more ought to have assisted with raising worldwide development and to have made the economy progressively versatile just as increasingly flexible. To be in no uncertainty, the money related improvement and internationalization likewise tag's along heaps of difficulties inside them. These have likewise supported the improvement of the undertakings of managerial and tyrant controls that are progressively viewed as diverse. They

Salem Telephone free essay sample

The examination of the 2004 first quarter reports, which incorporate the Summary of Computer Utilization and Summary Results of Operation, if is evident that the Data Services division should be investigated to comprehend why they keep on working at a misfortune. The key territories that should be tended to are: * Current use of PC use hours * The reliable negative aftereffects of the activities * Determine if a portion of the fixed expenses can be attached to the degree of work and changed over to variable costs The quick concern is the bit of costs that are fixed costs versus variable expenses. Variable costs equivalent $32,640 our investigation starts with cautious examination of the variable and fixed expenses of Salem Data Services. It is clear the variable expenses averaging $32,640 over the primary quarter isn't adequate to conquer the current fixed costs which equivalent $189,620. The organization should audit the pay rates for the Sales division and make a compensation structure that is attached to income and deals. We will compose a custom exposition test on Salem Telephone or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Moreover, deals advancement can likewise be attached to deals or income to change over these to variable expenses. The subsequent significant issue that should be tended to is the under use of the PC hours accessible versus PC hours utilized. The organization is presently averaging about 60% use of accessible hours. The Commercial deals are truly underutilized and should be a concentration to driving business deals. Business request may should be re-surveyed to decide whether there is without a doubt a large enough market to serve and an audit of the business advancement procedure may should be rebuilt. In general, there is the chance of Salem Data Services turning into a productive auxiliary of Salem Telephone Company. Closing down the division is untimely and rather the association needs to return to the advancement and deals technique to concentrate on expanding business deals and amplify the usage of their PC hours. Besides, changing over deals and deals advancement to variable expenses may likewise end up being an inspiration to the business staff to push deals more enthusiastically to accomplish extra clients. Examination Salem Data Services Summary of Computer Utilization shows that Salem Data Services normal 60% or 132 hours of PC use. This data alongside the Results of Operations, which shows a normal loss of $35,327, raises genuine concerns with respect to the activities. A survey of the costs brings to the front line that fixed expenses are $189,620 and normal variable expenses are $32,640. In view of this data, the division normal commitment edge is generally excellent at of $154,292 or 82. 5%. Further examination of the variable costs produces concerns with respect to the portion of corporate administrations. All out factor cost every hour is $97. 34 and corporate administrations makes up $45. 74 every hour, practically half of the aggregate. This warrants an assessment on how corporate expenses are allotted. The present allotment premise is cost per square foot. The way that variable expenses are moderately low loans some legitimization to having the auxiliary proceed. Changing over extra expenses to variable expenses and re-surveying the allotment premise may bring about better outcomes for the association. Questions: 1. Which costs in Exhibit 2 are variable as for income hours? Which costs are fixed expenses concerning income hours? 2. For Each cost that is variable as for income hours, compute per income hour. . Make a commitment edge pay proclamation for Salem Data Services. Expect the Intracompany use is 205 hours. Expect Commercial use is at the March level. 4. Accepting the intracompany interest for administration will average 205 hours out of every month, what level of business income long periods of PC use would be important to equal the initial investment every month? 5. Gauge the impact on Income of every one of the choice

Perpetuating Disaster Myth through Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Propagating Disaster Myth through Film - Essay Example The table beneath shows the nearness of these legends in the two motion pictures. In Outbreak, the Motaba infection spreads in US after the host creature (a monkey) is wrongfully brought to the United States. In Contagion, the illness spreads when a solitary cook neglects to wash his hands in the wake of dealing with a pig. In both the films, the beginning of the fiasco is the consequence of immaterial occasions and not an emotional occasion. Subsequently, the primary fantasy is absent in both of the two films. In Outbreak, despite the fact that the infection is limited to a region, the film centers around the huge scope effect of the debacle and overlooks littler occasions. Then again, Contagion takes a gander at both the enormous scope sway just as little occasions. In this manner, the subsequent fantasy is available in Outbreak however not in Contagion. In Outbreak, the calamity becomes enormous in light of the fact that it rapidly slaughters 150 individuals in a little territory. Correspondingly, in Contagion, 26 million individuals kick the bucket universally. In the two motion pictures, the passing of countless individuals underscores the extent of the calamity. Along these lines, the third legend is available in both the motion pictures. The Outbreak recommends that if individuals can foresee the catastrophe, they can plan for it and forestall passings. This doesn't matter to Contagion in which there is by all accounts no chance to get of halting the spread of infection. Therefore, the fourth fantasy is available in Outbreak yet not in Contagion. Episode utilizes the technocratic way to deal with take care of the issue as researchers and specialists make a solid effort to discover a solution for the sickness, an enemy of serum. Virus adopts a significantly more comprehensive strategy to battling the illness with researchers and directors pooling assets to battle the infection. In this manner, the fifth fantasy is available in Outbreak yet not in Contagion. From this examination of the two motion pictures, we see that contrasted with Outbreak, Contagion presents the catastrophe in a progressively sensible manner. Infection presents information to

Older Workers And Lifelong Learning Example

Older Workers And Lifelong Learning Example Older Workers And Lifelong Learning â€" Essay Example > Professional RequirementsCustomer inserts his/her answerCollegeOctober 14, 2011EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis paper seeks to demystify the relationship between professional and vocational practice coupled with their requirements. In light of this, it will first synchronize the demands and contemporary requirements of either vocational or professional practice and further address the ways in which those requirements change. Demands and contemporary requirements of vocational/professional practiceThe term vocation (Dewey 1966) refers to the specified occupation practice an individual acquires through training either through formal or informal education. In light of this, vocation enables individuals meet their diverse basic and tertiary needs. For example, food, shelter, clothing and entertainment are just of the few necessities that vocation helps to mitigate. On the other hand, a profession (Brown 1992) is an academic oriented training experience that a person acquires in academic institut ions. It’s worth noting that vocations and professions are rather different in a way. Vocations are thought to be Godly given whereas professions are academically sought after. However, both the vocations and professions are characterized by demands and contemporary requirements that the perceived persons should apply in their vocational and professional practice. In this regard, the requirements continue to change with time and thus older workers primarily find themselves on the receiving end as they try to juggle between professional practice and education progression. For example, the rise of information communication technology in the modern society has perpetuated increased enrollment in tertiary institutions to effectively nourish their academic expertise with modern technology in efforts to keep in parallel with competition from others at bay in the professional environment. Lifelong learning refers to a situation whereby individuals are guided to work in a certain way as a result of continued experience on their job. For instance, the experiences of a medical practitioner in respect to a wide range of patients serve as critical avenues to propel his/her understanding of a particular phenomenon that he/she never learnt during his/her academic work. Academic expertise/highly developed skills and knowledge of the domainProfessionalism (Kizza 2010 p. 57) is the ability to use knowledge acquired through formal schooling and developed through long years of experience. In light of this, professional individuals are restricted by ethics and a wide range of requirements for one to be deemed a profession. First and foremost, the acquisition of knowledge commonly known as education is an ideal requirement in any profession. Education is essential as it serves as an integral tool for decision making involving a problem, situation or undertaking. Education is paramount in any given job discourse since it perpetuates development. In this regard, it plays a very significant role in the actualization of ideas and increases an individual’s reasoning ability. However, with progress in age, education slowly fades away thus creating ample room for older workers to engage in lifelong learning to boost their morale and scale down their dependency levels. Academic expertise is the primary objective of any human resource management panel selecting individuals for recruitment into the organization either public or private driven. It is for this reason that education merit is encouraged.

The effects of globalization on companies - Free Essay Example

Due to globalization the business people have to interact and manage different people from different cultures. It is helpfulÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.to think of culture as analogous to music:(a)If another person hasnt heard a particular piece of music, it is impossible to describe.(b)Before the days of written scores, people had to learn informally by imitation.(c)People were able to exploit the potential of music only when they started writing music scores. (Hall,1973). Culture is a collective phenomenon that is about shared values and meanings. For a successful company a strong connection between organizational structure and culture is very important. Organizing is the process of arranging people and other resources to work together to accomplish a goal. Organization structure is a system of tasks, reporting relationships, and communication linkages. Culture is a collective phenomenon that is about shared values and meanings. Strategic mergers are becoming critical components for todays global business strategy. The common causes for the failure in mergers are structural and cultural differences. Before merger the firms need extensive preparation, a relationship of trust between negotiators and long period of post-merger consolidation. 1.1. Research questions What are the organizational designs and key dimensions of culture? What are the factors that influence organizational structure and culture? What are the impacts of organizational structure and culture on merger Process? 1.2. Research objectives To describe the organizational designs and key dimensions of culture. To identify the factors that influence organizational structure and culture. To describe the impacts of organizational structure and culture on merger Process. 2. Research methodology 2.1. Data collection and data analysis. 2.2. Case study method. 3. Literature review and application 4. Organizational structure: The structure of an organization is the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves co-ordination among them (Mintzberg, 1979) Managers design the organizational structure to influence employees to achieve wider goals. 4.1. The organizational designs: Organizational design is the process of creating structure that will help to achieve the mission and objectives of an organization. The organizational design consists of 1.Organizational variables, 2.Control variables, and 3.Cultural variables. Organizational variables: The organizational variables are designed to achieve organizational effectiveness. They will help the organization to achieve its goals without any confusion in a precise way. The following are the important organizational variables. 1. Decision rights: This Indicating who is having the responsibility to approve an important decision regarding the business and implement necessary technology and control various types of decisions. It designs the proper allocation of decision rights. 2. Business processes: The set of ordered tasks needed to complete key objectives of the business and includes 1) A beginning and an end,2)Inputs and outputs,3)A set of sub processes that transform the inputs into out puts,4)A set of metrics for measuring effectiveness. 3. Formal reporting relationships: The formal reporting relationship reflects the flow of communication and coordination among the units throughout the organization. Effective communication, coordination and cooperation among uni ts in an organization are basic necessities for growth of the organization. 4. Informal networks: Sharing and transferring knowledge within different project unites other than the formal reporting relationships are the key factors for effective function of the organization. Control variables: These are the tools which will help the organization to monitor, motivate and evaluate the performance of the organization. 1. Data: Collecting information regarding the progress of all units, evaluating and providing feedback. 2. Planning: It is the processes through which the desired strategic objectives are achieved. 3. Performance measurement and evaluation: To improve the quality of work a set of measures are used to get feedback about execution of plans and the processes. This feed back is used to improve the performance of the organization. 4. Incentives: Incentives are motivating factors within an organization which will help to improve the organizational performance. Cultural variables: Set of values and beliefs about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people. 1. Values: The set of unspoken and clear beliefs that underlines decisions made and actions taken, reflects aspirations about the way things should be done. 4.2. Identifying structural characteristics: Every firm should have a strategic plan which specifies the future direction of the business. The responsibilities of the managers should be organized to achieve the strategic plan, for this the firm should have their organizational structure that identifies responsibilities for each job position and relationships among those positions. The organizational structure also indicates how all the job responsibilities fit together. The organizational structure affects the effectiveness and efficiency with which the firm produces its product and therefore has an impact on the firms value. When choosing a structure that fits its business goals, it is important to understand different types of organizational structures and compare them with each other. Reduce the disadvantages or negative impacts that the chosen structure might have on the business goal. According to my analysis different firms use different organizational structures which are influenced by specific characteristics of it s business and can affect the firms performance. Organizational structures vary among firms according to: Size of organization Strategic importance Budget and time constraints 4.3. Types of organizational structure: Organizational structure defines the way work is divided, managed and synchronized. Organizational structure is formed according to the organizations size and strategy. Functional structures, Divisional structures and Matrix structures are the traditional structures. Team structures and Network structures are new directions in organizational structures. The following are the important types of organizational structures. 4.3.1. Functional organizational structure: In a functional structure employees are grouped by managers according to their activities and profession or function for example like production, finance or marketing. Functional structure is not only used in business but also in banks and hospitals. Functional structure is effective in small organizations with less problems and limited demand for change and innovation. 4.3.2. Divisional organizational structure: A divisional structure groups together people working on the same product, in the same area, with similar customers. It is suits more in complex organizations with diverse operations with many products, territories, customers, and work processes. 4.3.3. Matrix organizational structure: The matrix structure combines functional and divisional structures. It is more precise to use matrix structure in permanent cross-functional teams to support specific products and projects or programs. It is more useful in manufacturing, service industries, professional fields and nonprofit sectors. 4.3.4. Network organizational Structure Network structure is a modern structure which includes the linking of numerous, separate organization structure to optimize their interaction in order to accomplish a common, overall goal, because it consists of multiple organizations that works together to produce products and services. 4.4. Comparison of organizational Structures: In each type organizational structure there are variations. Each one is unique in its own way. The adaptability of a particular structure depends on the necessity of the organization. Functional organization structure : They work best in a stable environment like small organizations with less problems and change. Advantages of functional structure: Economies of scale. Task assignments with proper training and guidance. High-quality technical problem solving. Good skill development within functions. Clear career paths within functions. Disadvantages of functional structure: Difficulties in indicating tasks for things like cost control, product or service quality, timeliness, and innovation. Lack of communication, coordination and problem solving across functions. Divisional Organization structure: They work best in a complex organization with many products, territories, customers, and work processes. Advantages of divisional structure: More flexibility in responding to situational changes. Improved coordination across functional departments. Good responsibility for product or service delivery. Focused on specific customers, products and regions. Disadvantages of divisional structure: Reduces economies of scale. Increases costs through the duplication of resources and efforts across divisions. Creates unhealthy rivalries as divisions compete for resources and top management attention. Matrix organizational structure: The main influence of matrix structures to organizational performance lies with the cross- functional teams whose members work together to share knowledge and information in a timely manner to solve problems. Advantages of matrix structure: Good collaboration across functions. Problem solving takes place at team level which will improve decision making. Improved customer service because there is always respective manager informed and available to answer questions. Better strategic management, since top managers are free from un-necessary problem solving to focus on strategic issues. Disadvantages of matrix structure: The two-boss system is subject to power struggle. It creates task confusion and conflict in work priorities. Strong team loyalties will cause a loss of focus on larger organizational goals. Network organizational structure: A network organizational structure is seen as a more complicated and complex structure than any other structure. A network structure uses IT to link with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors. Advantages of network structure: Quality and cost are the best advantages of network structure. The creative use of information technology. Disadvantages of network structure: More demand for new management responsibilities. Network of contracts and alliances are more complicated to maintain. 4.5. Importance of organizational structure in merger process: Effective organizational structure makes responsibility delegation easier and makes it easy to see the organizational change throughout the organizations. It is important to realize the advantage of organizational structure to benefit from a strong framework. Organizational Chart: is a tool that represents employees work responsibilities and reporting relationships. With its reporting structure it shows the structure and hierarchy of employees of their division of work and level of responsibilities in the organization. Distribution of Authority: Organizational structure shows the authority and responsibility distribution throughout an organization. Employees will get awareness of their superiors and subordinates. Communication: Organizational structure makes communication easy between employees in their duties and this enhances information sharing and problem solving. Chain of command: the structure helps employee to know who is engaged in the decision making process. Proper Balancing: Structure helps specific task and activities to be assigned in functional departments which provide a good coordination between departments. Lorachester,2010 4.6. Impact of organizational structure on merge: In the case of merger, two organizations are required to integrate their organizational structure appropriately. Inappropriate organizational structure can cause failure in integration between firms and reduce benefit of merger. Unclear reporting structure has a great tendency to cause merger failure. Reconstructing organizational structure may take some time after a merger and it may cause uncertainty and anxiety amongst employees. Therefore it is important to declare the new organizational structure with clear roles and reporting relationship of employees (SS Brahma). Good organizational structure facilitates communication between individuals or groups within the two organizations. Incompatible structure becomes obstacle for successful communication and achieving the corporation goal become impossible. 4.7. Factors that influence organizational structure: The organizational structure can be influenced by different factors, such as the size of an organization, the environment, technology, efficiency of organizational design, etc. The structure of an organization should be developed in such a way that endorses the strategy and plan of management. It is very significant for managers to be aware of the factors which may have an influence on the structure of an organization. Environment Strategy People Technology Size Figure: A framework for organizational design- aligning structure with situational contingences Environment Stable Environment- Composed of certain and predictable environment. Desires of customers are well known and may remain constant. Few changes take place in such kind of environment and organizations can perform well without frequent change. Bureaucratic organization and mechanistic design fits in such environment. Dynamic Environment- composed of uncertain environment with less predictable elements. The desires of customer are frequently changing. Organizations must be flexible. For such environment, adaptive organizations and organic design is adequate. Strategy Organizational structure should be designed in such a way to fit its strategies. Different strategies need different structure. Organizations may need to change their strategies or mission for better performance and this leads to a change in organizational structure. Stability oriented strategy only few changes occur in the external environment, Bureaucratic organizations and mechanistic design is adequate for such certain strategy. Growth oriented Strategy Strategies is likely to change frequently. Circumstances are complex and uncertain. The operation objectives focus on flexibility of frequent change and innovation. Plans changes regularly and there is a need for improvement. Technology Technology is the way task is done using knowledge, skill, equipment, techniques and human know-how. Advance in technology cause frequent change in an organization. A suitable technology results in high productivity and lower cost for the firm. Technology is a major influence on organizational structure. The right combination of structure and technology are critical to organizational success (Joan Woodward 1960s). Organizational size As the size of an organization become larger and older, the structure becomes more complicated. It is very difficult to manage large organizations without a formal organizational structure, whereas in very small organizations structure can be very simple. Employees can carry out their task based on their needs, skill and/or interest. Tasks can be performed without having a formal work assignment and delegation of authority. In large organizations, the structure is more liked mechanistic. Tasks are highly specialized and more level of management. Work procedure is dictated by rules and strategies. Communication flow is from superior to subordinate. 5. Organizational culture: Organizational culture consists of the behavior, actions, and values that people in an enterprise are expected to follow.(Pettigrew, 1979) Organizational culture is a set of values, often taken for granted, that help people in an organization understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are considered unacceptable.(Moorhead Griffin, 1992) 5.1. Key dimensions of an organizational Culture: Measuring key dimensions of an organizational culture provides a composite picture of the organizations culture. This will become the base for the feelings of shared understanding of the members about the organization, how things are done, and the way the members are supposed to behave. The following are the 10 key dimensions of an organizational culture. 1. Member identity: The interpersonal relationship of the employees with the organization to feel a vital part of it. It depends on loyalty of employees to the organization. 2. Team emphasis: Organized group work rather than individual work. 3. Management focus: Identifying the effective outcomes of people within the organization and taking them into account to make important decisions. 4. Unit integration: cooperation and coordination among the units. 5. Control: The extent to which rules and policies used on employees to control their behavior. 6. Risk tolerance: The level up to which the employees are encourag ed to be innovative and risk seeking. 7. Reward criteria: A precise system which rewards promotion and salary increase according to employee performance rather than seniority, favoritism or other nonperformance factors. 8. Conflict tolerance: The degree to which the employees are encouraged to talk about the conflicts openly. 9. Means versus end orientation: The extent to which the management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve those results. 10. Open-system focus: Monitoring the changes in external environment. 5.2. Identifying cultural characteristics: Denison Organizational Culture Model, indicates the external adaptation, internal integration, flexibility, stability as cultural characteristics of the enterprise which influences the prospective of organization. These four ideal characteristics would be reflected by four features (1) involvement, (2) consistency, (3) adaptability and (4) mission. Involvement: referred to the capacity of workers, ownership and responsibility. In the culture characteristic reflects the companys training for staff, the communication between workers, the participation of staff and the responsibility of workers. Consistency : to measure whether the company has strong and cohesive internal culture. Whether company has a set of fundamental value, so that employees have immense identity and have clear expectation of future. Adaptability : mainly refer to capability of adapting the change from external environment or whether they have ability to aware the sign of market and response quickly. M ission : is used to determine the company is focusing on immediate interest or has long-term strategy and accurate tactics to approach even bigger goal. 5.3. The stages of cultural formation: As people become more civilized they develop and share some common beliefs and values according to their geographical location which will guide their behaviour.The positive outcome of the beliefs and values makes them strong and will influence on how people should work and relate to each other. The following figure will explain about the stages of cultural formation. Shared values Reinforcing Shared beliefs Outcomes Norms Individual and Group behaviour 5.4. Types of culture: Charles Handy (1993) generalized 4 culture types. Power culture: is one in which peoples activities are strongly influenced by dominant central figure. Role culture: is one in which peoples activities are strongly influenced by clear and detailed job descriptions and other formal signals as to what is expected of them. Task culture: is one in which the focus of activity is toward completing a task or project using whatever means are appropriate. Person culture: is one in which activity is strongly influenced by the wishes of the individuals who are part of the organization. 5.5. Multiple cultures: A key concern in the culture of any organization is diversity. The term multiculturalism refers to pluralism and respect for diversity in the workplace. They value the talents, ideas, and creative potential of all members. Good characteristics of multicultural organizations are, 1) Pluralism: Members of both alternative cultures and majority cultures are important in setting key values and policies. The talents, ideas and creative thinking from different cultures are important for an organization to achieve its goals. 2) Structural integration: Members from multiple cultures are given equal opportunity in all levels and in all functional responsibilities. The integration of all levels of employees, management and all functional unites are important for a successful coordinated progress. 3) Absence of prejudice and discrimination: A proper guidance and task force actions deal with the need to eliminate culture-group conflicts. Prejudice and discrimination will cause differe nce among work force which will affect the work. So it is important to eliminate the prejudice and discrimination. 5.6. Culture and performance: We can review the effect of organizational culture on employee behaviour and performance with some key ideas. The culture of an organization allows employee to understand both the history of the firm and present methods of operation. This knowledge provides guidance about expected future behaviours. The commitment of Organizational culture to corporate philosophy and values. This commitment generates shared feelings of working towards common goals. The organizational culture, through its norms, serves as control mechanism to channel behaviours towards desired behaviours and away from undesired behaviours. Finally, certain types of organizational cultures may be related directly to greater effectiveness and productivity than others. 5.7. Importance of culture in merger process: The market world today is facing increase competition, in such situation organisations will like merge to have popular strategic tools entering new markets and acquiring new technologies. On the other hand, 80% of mergers do not reach their financial goals and 50% of the mergers fail. (Nahavandi and Malekzadeh 1993) Its true that most mergers fail because of financial reasons or economic crisis, and management as well, but we must critically look at the importance of culture in the merger process. When two companies merged with different cultures, it will have greater consequences on the organisation. An example for this is merger between US air and America West. The two airlines had extremely different organisation cultures. US Airways had an older workforce with highly structured bureaucracy, whereas America West had much younger workforce with entrepreneurial culture. For a successful merger they must adopt to a common culture that will suit the company. Cultural differences: When employees do not agree with the cultural adaptation it will create problem for the organisation. This will affect their performance in the organisation. Culture play an important role in the way employees will react when they face new business environment, in some situation where merger take place. Its difficult for some to work with new members within a team. To overcome this problem the organizations need to prepare employees to adapt to the new culture. 5.8. Impact of organization culture on merge: Organization culture is one of the most important factors of success or failure of a company in merger process. Culture will have an enormous impact on the way a company operates today. The culture does not become established until shared understanding achieves dominance in the collective thinking of the members of the organization. The following points below illustrate some important interrelationships that deeply affect the organization culture in merger process. Purpose and Goals: The purpose and goals of the organization initially trigger the kind of culture that founders want to follow their successors to see their vision. The extent to which they achieve this culture depends as much on the others factors as on their own leadership Organization policies: The different rules and policies followed by the organizations will create problem after merge. Organization structure: The difference in organizational structures also causes serious problem in the merger process. Employee skills and attitudes: The different skill sets and attitudes of employees from both the merging organizations also cause some disturbance in merger process. Use of technology: The development of technology and the way its implemented will create an impact on the organization culture. 5.9. Factors that influence organizational culture: The following are the some of the important factors that influence organizational culture in a broad way. Change in management For an organization, change management means defining and implementing actions and technologies to deal with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities. Change management is one of the main factors that influence organization culture. Change might come in various forms within an organization, such as technological change, change in management staff as well as change in leadership. Employee Employees are part of an organization, they will be unhappy if things are not going well in the organization. In today competitive world, its important for organization to do all they can to keep their employee happy and motivated. Organizational culture plays a vital role amongst employees. An organization that has a good culture ensures that its employees are satisfied with the facilities it provides them. This means that taking adequate care of employees ensures organizational effectiveness. This culture also enables employees to work in a comfortable environment that is reflected in the overall efficiency of their work performance. Geographical location Geographical locations influence organization culture, in sense that when companies are located in a particular region, they mostly adopt to the culture of that area to succeed. Geographical location might vary in turns of language; language is a factor that greatly affects cultural stability. When people from the same geographical location speak the same language, culture spreads easily. Since countries see language as an integrate part of their cultures. Religion is a strong shaper of value; different geographical location has different religions, at such this affects organization culture in that particular region. 6. Case study (US Air and America West Merger Case) 6.1 Brief summary of the case 6.2. What are the influences of organizational structure and culture in merger Process 6.3. Recommendations for the successful merger of organizational structure and culture in US Air and America west merger case. 7. Findings and Conclusions 8. Recommendations Graphs and tables