Professional Ethics of Detectives Essay

Criminal Justice Careers can be very exciting but also a risky job. Detective is one that interests me more. Detective went through intensive trainings. The profession requires Diplomas from high school institution they came from. It is also required that they take courses in English, Science, Mathematics, Social Sciences and Physical Education. Skills in foreign languages, journalism, and typing are also essential. Many of the police departments require one or two years of college coursework particularly in law, criminology and police science. Most police detectives were trained for six weeks up to several months, depending on the program they are attending. Those who successfully completed the training program will probably be assigned to detective’s duty permanently. They may be asked to take refresher courses consecutively to update their abilities and techniques. Since many private detectives were former police detectives, almost their education, skill and training requirements are similar to police detectives. Private detectives also acquired skills on the job from experienced private detectives. In some states, private detectives are required to have valid license and participate in specially systematized intensive training programs. Each state asks for a firearm permit. Detective is in charge for crime investigations and prevention. He is also trained to solve crimes against people and their properties. He can work for police departments or choose to be employed by a business firm and institution. Detectives can perform well through their highly specialized techniques and communication apparatuses that are technology’s products. Detectives in any Police Departments are tasks to observe criminals’ actions, produce sources of information, and be in assistance in arresting criminals. They often work in civilian clothes, black robes, sunglasses, wearing huts to undercover themselves and also for protection of their lives. When on duty, they go to locations or places where the criminal often stay for the purpose of getting enough information of the suspect’s activities, people who mingle with him and his moves. For example, detective that is assigned in a gambling case spend his time at the suspect’s favorite clubs and bars, he acts as if he is also gambler and tries to learn as much as possible about the case. A detective may also find informers also witnesses from the neighborhood who might have information about the suspect. After gathering substantial evidences against the suspect, the detectives can now arrest the criminal with the help of police force. Other detectives who work for private agencies or individual client are often former police officers. Some of them were trained by the private agencies themselves. Private investigators collect information from police sources. They observe suspects and interview witnesses but they cannot arrest. Detective’s work may be very rewarding, routine, safe or dangerous, depend on their assignments. For example, a police detective who investigates in drugs scandals may be exposed to the threat of physical violence or even death. Detectives often work in unstable hours and they even work during night, weekends and holidays. Their salaries differ from another; depend on locations, experiences, and the assigned responsibilities or tasks. In 2004, the median wage of a private detective is $32,110 per year while a police detective is $53,990 per year. Experienced detectives have special benefits such as pensions, life and health insurance, and payments during their leave or vacation. Lawyers and other private companies hire detectives to search information for court trials and to investigations including the passing of bad checks, and other illegal matters. Many insurance institutions also hire private detective to investigate insurance claims and dilemmas. Parents may hire them to search for their lost children. On the other hand, Private detective work as bodyguard for people who are in personal danger particularly special witnesses and politicians as well. Store detectives are in charge to investigate against customer shoplifting and dishonest employees. A bouncer ensures that order is served in restaurants, night bars, and other places of entertainment. House detectives, also known as hotel detectives are task to protect patrons from unexpected troubles and troublemakers. Detectives have their own Code of Ethics to follow. This Code is highly based in our Moral Rights and Conducts. Honesty and Integrity is its center. They have to give their full fidelity and sincerity to their client. All investigations should be legal, moral and professionally ethical. Preserving their client’s confidence in all circumstances is also their duty as long as it is not contrary to criminal law. They must counsel their clients against any unethical and illegal course of action. A detective should also cooperate with the government and make sure that all their employees adhere to their code of ethics. He must retain his good reputation as well as his fellow investigators and professional associates. Some Ethical dilemmas are the officer’s misuse of his official position for expected or even actual incentive or gain, including opportunities and engaging in different forms of occupational deviance. Two of the most unique ethical standards of a detective are his honesty and good reputation. Cheating is one potential ethnical dilemma specific to this line of work that the code of ethics is meant to discourage. Since nobody is assigned to watch detectives’ operations they tend to move slow in order to take gain from their clients. As a result, some of the criminal cases are hanged. Another dilemma is distortion of truth when ask to testify in a court. Some hold special evidences to prove the suspect guilty. For, example, if the detective investigates someone who is politically powerful, this influential person can pay the detective to hide the truth. They also sometimes use brutality in acquisition of goods, money and even power. As an economic man, people tend to do their job better when given money as their reward. Detectives should firmly stand as saviors and source of truths of the people and the government. The unethical activities of one detective might cause the public to condemn other investigative agencies and other detectives. This would be a false generalization. Huge majority of private investigators or private detective agencies operate with utmost respect for the law and strict in abiding the code of ethics. In a study entitled Perceptions of Ethical Dilemmas made by a group of people including Dr. McGrath, stated through a survey the twenty unethical behaviors of a professional found in the field of Criminal Justice.   The study showed that many detectives sleep during their working hours. Instead of searching information and watching for the every move of the criminal, they spend their time in entertainments. The conclusion of this study stated clearly that police officers’ views on unethical behaviors are related to their rank and length of time in the service. Those that are considered pioneers are more into disobeying the code. This data is somewhat intertwined into corruption. It is also possible that this can highly affect serious judgments of greater emphasis on ethical issues that now occurs in police training. Nevertheless, these study also emphasized that there is a need for strict implementation of the Code of Ethics from this high level positions.   Any career from criminal justice requires true and reliable professional. This will largely determine how clean one’s government is. They are also a great help in maintaining the order and peace in the society. Any disobedience in the Code of Ethics can immediately affect the society’s stability of good morale. Those who are in highest ranks must be loyal to the code and stand as models to their associates. References Woody, Todd. (May 29, 2000), DNA Detectives, retrieved on February 7, 2008,   from http://www.theindustrystandard.com Bufill, Jose A. (November 28, 2003), Ethical Dilemmas at the Beginning of Death, retrieved on February 7, 2008), from http://www.illinoisrighttolife.org/EthicalDilemmasDefiningDeath.htm Huon, Gail F., Hesketh, Beryl L., Frank, Mark G.,Frank, McConkey, Kevin M., and Dr McGrath, G. M. (1995), PERCEPTIONS OF ETHICAL DILEMMAS, retrieved on February 7, 2008, from http://www.acpr.gov.au/pdf/ACPR125_1.pdf

1. Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization.

PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No: 12 PED 1113 1. | Name of Subject | PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS| 2. | Code of Subject| PED1113| 3. | Synopsis| This course will give students good exposure to basic economic concepts. They need to be able to understand, analyse and implement the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. | 4. | Name of Teaching Staff | Rezal [email  protected] com| 5. | Semester and Year Offered| Year 1, Sem 1 | 6. | Credit Value | 3 credits (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) | 7. | Prerequisite (if any) | Nil| 8. Rationale for the inclusion of the subject in the program | The need for economics knowledge in all fields of studies. | 9. | Mode of Delivery| Lecture and Tutorial| 10. | Subject Objectives| To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. | 11. | Learning Outcomes| Upon completing this course, students will be able to: 1. Un derstand the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts demand and supply to identify how market reached its equilibrium position. 3.Identify various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational consumers behave. 4. Identify the production process and how cost is determined. 5. Understand various market structures and its profit position both in the short and long run. | 12. | Transferable Skills| From this course, students will acquire additional transferable skills namely: * Analytical Skill – students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises due to the situation given. * Research skills – Students are required to conduct assignment on selected topics either individually or in groups. Social skills – Students will develop basic social skills through class discussions and group assignments. * Time-management skills– Students will learn to practice and manage their time to balance between their academic and social responsi bilities. * Critical thinking skills– Students will develop critical thinking ability through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discussions. | 13. | Teaching Learning and Assessment Strategy | | Teaching & Learning Methods| Assessment Strategy | | Discussion| /| 1. Peer evaluation 2.Student assessment feedback| | Problem solving| | 3. | | Case study | /| | | Project | /| | | Lecture| /| | | Tutorial | | | 14. | Assessment Method and Types | Final Examination : 40%Course Work : 60%Course work comprises of the following items : – 2 Test : 30% – 4 Quizzes : 20% – Group Assignment : 10%| Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic| | TOPIC (S)| Lecture| Tutorial| Lab/ Practical| Independent Study| Student Learning Time (SLT)| | 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts: scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises free market, planned economy an d Mixed economy. | 2| 1. 5| | 5| 18| | 1. 0 Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium. 1. 1 Demand 1. 2. 1 Definition of demand 1. 2. 2 Law of demand 1. . 3 Market demand curve 1. 2. 4 Determinants of demand 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 Law of supply 1. 3. 7 Market supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 Market Equilibrium 1. 4. 9 Definition of equilibrium 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in demand and supply| 8| 6| | 20| 28| | 1. 0 Elasticity and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 Price elasticity of demand 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 Cardinal Approach| 6| 4. 5| | 16| 26| | 1. 0 Theory of Production and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and fixed input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long-run period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. Calculation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short-run period| 6| 4. 5| | 14| 24| | 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run| 6| 4. | | 16| 24| | Total of Student Learning Time (SLT)| 28| 21| | 71| 120| | Main Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. | 20. | Additional References: 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcour t. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensive Economics Guide, 2nd edition, Singapore: Oxford University Press. | Assignment topic. Choose one topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and maximum 6 students. Submission of assignment; first week after term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. Government’s roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means â€Å"one who manages a household -economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. -the management of society’s resources is important becaus e resources are scarce. -scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get another item. Ten principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society’s members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a action 3. Rational people think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -mar ginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. 5. Trade can make everyone better off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by trading with other, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they interact in markets for goods and services. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs institution to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources. market failure refers to a sit uation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to have a substantial influence on a market prices. 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means the quantity of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money -inflation refers to an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are; increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger quantity of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises: 1. Free market economy: allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government control.It is also called as capitalist. Advantages; quick respond to the people’s wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages; unemployment, certain goods and services may not be provided, consumption of harmful goods and services may be encouraged, and ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics; one of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand: a term coined by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore , any government intervention in the economy isn’t needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy: market is controlled and determined by government. Give the government dictatorship type control over the resources of the country. It is also called as socialist.Advantages; the welfare of the citizen is the primary goal of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, wages are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater emphasis on the quantity of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral direction) than on the quantity of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages; can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovative enterprises, no freedom of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy: includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages; benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages; lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government favouritism and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms sell * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * Hire and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Hou seholds sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic representation of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and firms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inner set of arrows show the corresponding flow of inputs and output. The Production Possibilities Frontier: shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy ’s resources. A shift in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technological advance in the computer industry enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market: a group of buyer and sellers of a particular goods and services Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive: must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for sale are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly: only one seller offer for the specific goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand: goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Quantity demanded: the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve: The relationship between pric e and quantity demanded Law of demand: the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule: a table shows the relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand: the demands of one person for the particular goods and services Market demand: the sum of all the individual demands for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream demanded| | Nick| Mary| Market| $0. 00| 7| 5| 12| $0. 50| 6| 4| 10| $1. 00| 5| 3| 8| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 3| 1| 4| $2. 50| 1| 1| 2| $3. 00| 0| 0| 0| Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. Number of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods: non rivalry and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods: goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. Merit goods: people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods: have rivalry and excludability a. D emerit goods: underestimate cost of consuming it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods: always use in a daily life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. Inferior goods: lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods: have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods: needs each other in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods: very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply: goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied: the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply: the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve: a grap h of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply: the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream supplied| | Mike| John| Market| $0. 00| 0| 0| 0| $0. 50| 1| 1| 2| $1. 00| 3| 1| 4| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 5| 3| 8| $2. 50| 6| 4| 10| $3. 00| 7| 5| 12| Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. Number of sellers Equilibrium Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand: the cl aim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A hot weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of sugar will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A hot weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream 1. Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization. PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No: 12 PED 1113 1. | Name of Subject | PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS| 2. | Code of Subject| PED1113| 3. | Synopsis| This course will give students good exposure to basic economic concepts. They need to be able to understand, analyse and implement the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. | 4. | Name of Teaching Staff | Rezal [email  protected] com| 5. | Semester and Year Offered| Year 1, Sem 1 | 6. | Credit Value | 3 credits (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) | 7. | Prerequisite (if any) | Nil| 8. Rationale for the inclusion of the subject in the program | The need for economics knowledge in all fields of studies. | 9. | Mode of Delivery| Lecture and Tutorial| 10. | Subject Objectives| To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. | 11. | Learning Outcomes| Upon completing this course, students will be able to: 1. Un derstand the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts demand and supply to identify how market reached its equilibrium position. 3.Identify various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational consumers behave. 4. Identify the production process and how cost is determined. 5. Understand various market structures and its profit position both in the short and long run. | 12. | Transferable Skills| From this course, students will acquire additional transferable skills namely: * Analytical Skill – students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises due to the situation given. * Research skills – Students are required to conduct assignment on selected topics either individually or in groups. Social skills – Students will develop basic social skills through class discussions and group assignments. * Time-management skills– Students will learn to practice and manage their time to balance between their academic and social responsi bilities. * Critical thinking skills– Students will develop critical thinking ability through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discussions. | 13. | Teaching Learning and Assessment Strategy | | Teaching & Learning Methods| Assessment Strategy | | Discussion| /| 1. Peer evaluation 2.Student assessment feedback| | Problem solving| | 3. | | Case study | /| | | Project | /| | | Lecture| /| | | Tutorial | | | 14. | Assessment Method and Types | Final Examination : 40%Course Work : 60%Course work comprises of the following items : – 2 Test : 30% – 4 Quizzes : 20% – Group Assignment : 10%| Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic| | TOPIC (S)| Lecture| Tutorial| Lab/ Practical| Independent Study| Student Learning Time (SLT)| | 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts: scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises free market, planned economy an d Mixed economy. | 2| 1. 5| | 5| 18| | 1. 0 Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium. 1. 1 Demand 1. 2. 1 Definition of demand 1. 2. 2 Law of demand 1. . 3 Market demand curve 1. 2. 4 Determinants of demand 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 Law of supply 1. 3. 7 Market supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 Market Equilibrium 1. 4. 9 Definition of equilibrium 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in demand and supply| 8| 6| | 20| 28| | 1. 0 Elasticity and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 Price elasticity of demand 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 Cardinal Approach| 6| 4. 5| | 16| 26| | 1. 0 Theory of Production and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and fixed input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long-run period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. Calculation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short-run period| 6| 4. 5| | 14| 24| | 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run| 6| 4. | | 16| 24| | Total of Student Learning Time (SLT)| 28| 21| | 71| 120| | Main Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. | 20. | Additional References: 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcour t. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensive Economics Guide, 2nd edition, Singapore: Oxford University Press. | Assignment topic. Choose one topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and maximum 6 students. Submission of assignment; first week after term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. Government’s roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means â€Å"one who manages a household -economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. -the management of society’s resources is important becaus e resources are scarce. -scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get another item. Ten principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society’s members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a action 3. Rational people think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -mar ginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. 5. Trade can make everyone better off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by trading with other, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they interact in markets for goods and services. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs institution to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources. market failure refers to a sit uation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to have a substantial influence on a market prices. 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means the quantity of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money -inflation refers to an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are; increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger quantity of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises: 1. Free market economy: allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government control.It is also called as capitalist. Advantages; quick respond to the people’s wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages; unemployment, certain goods and services may not be provided, consumption of harmful goods and services may be encouraged, and ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics; one of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand: a term coined by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore , any government intervention in the economy isn’t needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy: market is controlled and determined by government. Give the government dictatorship type control over the resources of the country. It is also called as socialist.Advantages; the welfare of the citizen is the primary goal of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, wages are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater emphasis on the quantity of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral direction) than on the quantity of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages; can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovative enterprises, no freedom of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy: includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages; benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages; lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government favouritism and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms sell * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * Hire and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Hou seholds sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic representation of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and firms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inner set of arrows show the corresponding flow of inputs and output. The Production Possibilities Frontier: shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy ’s resources. A shift in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technological advance in the computer industry enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market: a group of buyer and sellers of a particular goods and services Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive: must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for sale are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly: only one seller offer for the specific goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand: goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Quantity demanded: the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve: The relationship between pric e and quantity demanded Law of demand: the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule: a table shows the relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand: the demands of one person for the particular goods and services Market demand: the sum of all the individual demands for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream demanded| | Nick| Mary| Market| $0. 00| 7| 5| 12| $0. 50| 6| 4| 10| $1. 00| 5| 3| 8| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 3| 1| 4| $2. 50| 1| 1| 2| $3. 00| 0| 0| 0| Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. Number of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods: non rivalry and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods: goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. Merit goods: people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods: have rivalry and excludability a. D emerit goods: underestimate cost of consuming it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods: always use in a daily life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. Inferior goods: lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods: have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods: needs each other in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods: very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply: goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied: the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply: the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve: a grap h of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply: the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream supplied| | Mike| John| Market| $0. 00| 0| 0| 0| $0. 50| 1| 1| 2| $1. 00| 3| 1| 4| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 5| 3| 8| $2. 50| 6| 4| 10| $3. 00| 7| 5| 12| Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. Number of sellers Equilibrium Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand: the cl aim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A hot weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of sugar will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A hot weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream

My Lord the Baby

The Author of this story, Rabindranath Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in the field of Literature. He was a Bengalese who was born in 1861 at Calcutta. The main character here is named Raicharan. He was only 12 years old when he became a servant. His Master made him a private servant to his Son. He took good care of him, until the time that the little Master Anukul grew up and got married. When Anukul had a son of his own. Anukul still made Raicharan his Son’s private servant. But fate got in the way, the little Master disappeared when Raicharan was taking him for a stroll. No one knows whether the Baby was taken by a group of Gypsies who were hovering nearby or He drowned in the river. Anukul’s wife got so distressed and furious that there is no reasoning with her. They made Raicharan go back to his Village. There he learned that his wife just gave birth to a Baby Boy but she died immediately. At first Raicharan didn’t want to accept his Son because he knew that he cannot sire a child. But as the Boy grows, he can see similarities with his young master. And so he thought that his son is the reincarnation of the young master. Raicharan gave everything and anything his son would want, he made his son live like a rich man up to the point that he is sturbing himself to death. When he can no longer give Phailna, his son, all that he wants, he decided to go back to Anukul and told him that his son was with him all along, Raicharan let them think that he’s the one who kidnap their son. This just goes to show that a Father can and is willing to sacrifice almost anything just for the good of his beloved son. Even if it means that he will loose his son forever or it would mean his death. Also, the story relates on the belief that there is reincarnation, life after death. Source: http://www. shvoong. com/books/classic-literature/1764690-lord-baby/#ixzz1ihUKeiwU

My First Speech Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My First Speech Experience - Essay Example Within the next few paragraphs I shall look into what makes for a well structured speech and the other aspects of speech delivery that I can improve upon. My critique shall help to answer the following questions: 1. How did I prepare for my speech? How did I feel as I delivered the speech in front of the class? 2. What were my weak and strong points? 3. What would I do differently next time I deliver a speech? I chose to prepare for my speech by memorizing the content. I felt that by doing so I would be able to maintain eye contact with my audience and quite possibly lessen the nervousness that I would be feeling by being able to lock my eyes onto a particular target and concentrate on the target in the audience to help ease my tension. There was however, one drawback to my memorizing the whole speech. Once I got distracted and lost track of my thoughts, I froze and was almost unable to continue with my speech as I had to quickly start over the speech silently in my head so I could continue from what I felt was the point where I stopped. In order to prepare for the actual delivery of my speech, I spent numerous hours preparing by practicing my delivery in front of my classmates. I also made it a point to rehearse with a classmate from my speech class. He recorded my delivery and we reviewed the material after I delivered my speech in order to find my weak points then we went back and worked on those target areas for further improvement.

How can we define authorship in TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How can we define authorship in TV - Assignment Example Given this argument, it follows that the identification of the technical competence of the director would enable critic and viewers alike to determine the quality and artistic value of the TV program. Auteurism however has been criticized in its application to film and TV show making because the creation of a film or show involves a lot of people in its production process that it would be difficult to say that a certain individual was solely responsible of the authorship or creation of the film (Moran 1999). Moreso, in a Hollywood setting where a multitude of people had to work and collaborate together to create a film. We can cite for example the film The Big Sleep (1946) which was a product of collaboration with different film makers. It involved novelist Raymond Chandler who wrote the novel which was the basis of the film, Howard Hawks, screenwriters William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett and actors Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall (Lev 1988) all were distinguished artists in their own right. It is also important to note that the film made a last minute revision in January of 1946 invites discussion about authorship because it clarifies when and who decides for the change of the fi lm indicating ownership of the film (Lev 1988). This is an important notion of auteurism because it highlights the complicity in according authorship in a film as argued by the critics of auteurism. In contemporary setting in creating a TV program various creative people are involved to complete the production. It involves Director,  Producer,  Creator,  Executive producer,  Assistant producer,  Researcher,  Star,  Writer, all of which have creative inputs to complete the production of a TV program. Such, if we are to determine authorship in the strict meaning of the word, it would be difficult to assign it to a single individual because no individual can complete a TV program by himself.   We can however infer to the

Parti5-comments2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parti5-comments2 - Essay Example A good cause and effect essay should move beyond establishing what the two parts are, and should also make an argument for why the cause and effect are directly related. The purpose of a cause and effect essay is to make an argument, not just to describe a process. The writer should prove the relationship of the cause and effect, and therefore have a thesis in the essay. The writer can’t just tell the reader the focus of the essay, because having a focus or purpose that is solely to explain a cause and effect will leave the reader disinterested. Overall, asking questions about the cause and effect process is a good way to develop the essay, but answering those questions persuasively is even more important. The reader dos not just want to know the reason why the effect happened is because of the cause, but also if there are alternative causes or alternative effects that may disprove the usual idea of any cause and effect. The essay should not just analyze or inform, but should convey an argument and prove to the reader that the cause and effect are

Developing Countries and Deflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Developing Countries and Deflation - Essay Example A year after Roach's controversial report, Goldman and Sachs published a Global Economics paper entitled "Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050". In this report, the authors surmised that given the 'right' growth conditions and a lot of luck, four of the biggest developing countries namely Brazil, Russia, India and China (thus forming the BRIC acronym) could become the largest economic force in the world in 50 years possibly even surpassing the G6 economies (US, Japan, UK, France, Italy and Germany). Like China, the economies of Brazil, Russia and India have influenced the decline of consumer prices in the world. If there is any empirical basis on the notion of China's alleged spread of deflation, would it not be reasonable to suggest that the rest of the BRICs could have the same effect on the world's economy This paper aims to examine if such generalization regarding deflation shifting could indeed be applied to all of the BRICs as the world's largest developing countries. ... ntinuously as determined by aggregate measures such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator (Kumar et al, 2003). In such a case, economic activity and consumer spending are significantly reduced, which in turn cause a decline in prices, profits, trade, employment and productivity in general (Guardian Unlimited, 2006). The decline in price levels could either be due to a demand shock (a significant fall in the demand of goods and services) or a supply shock (significant increase in outputs while demands remain constant). In case of the former, a vicious cycle of declining asset prices, rigid financial policies and reduced nominal interest rates are likely to result. The situation could become more problematic if the expectation for even lower prices prompt consumers to postpone their spending. An extreme effect of this would be companies going out of business or severely cutting down on labor and production due severe inability to sell their good s or services, realize revenues and/or pay off outstanding loans. This perpetuates an even lower demand for goods and further decline in prices. Supply shocks, on the other hand, can result from more 'positive' events such as technological advancements, trade liberalization gains, productivity growth and strengthened confidence in the long-term effects of perceived political and economic stability. Under such circumstances, deflation could not be as costly as that in the demand shock effect since the price decline could only be a manifestation of temporary adjustment to a new equilibrium brought about by external, productivity-enhancing changes, e.g., IT revolution and deregulation, (Kumar et al, 2003). Deflation in history There are two periods in history when deflation occurred in

Building an apps farm for university student Literature review

Building an apps farm for university student - Literature review Example How mobile apps have been applied in entrepreneurship and its benefits to the entrepreneurs. Mobile apps are software programs that one can download and use on their phones or any other devices that they have like the tablets etc. For one to use the mobile apps they need to have a smart phone, tablet, or another device that can be used to access the internet. But not all the mobile apps that are developed are able to be accessed on all the devices; every operating system has the applications that rhyme with it. Like the Android, Apple, Microsoft and Blackberry mobile operating systems have their own app stores that can be found online where the apps can be downloaded and installed (Stark, 2010). There are also retailers that can be found online that offer the apps too. There are apps that are free but others aren’t free, for the case of those that are not free, one will need to provide a credit card number before they can download an app. Some of the apps sell advertising space within the app. These ads enable the app developers to earn money through them so for them to get these advertisements they have to offer the app free so that they can reach as many users as possible. Some will make the users free to buy some features within them, most of the time the bill for these features in the in-app purchases through the app store. Though some devices are enabled for users to block the in-app purchases. There is a lot of data that apps can access, when you sign in to app stores, or download single apps, you may be asked for a permission to allow the app to get the information on the device you are using. Some apps can be used to access the phone and e-mail contacts, call logs, internet data, data about the device’s location, and the personal device’s identities. Some apps do not do a lot of functions but specifically base on a feature that they need to function to, while others are

Endeavor Global Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endeavor Global - Assignment Example A case can be made as to why there is a bias against entrepreneurs from emerging markets with the level of trade and economic development in those countries (Nath, 2008). Generally, economic growth and development in emerging markets is not as rapid as what prevails in developed markets. To this end, entrepreneurs are faced with several difficulties, among which is the need to raise capital to fuel the growth of their businesses. It is against this backdrop that the works of various non-governmental organizations who aim at fostering entrepreneurship through the provision of technical and financial support in emerging markets remain very crucial. In this paper, the role of Endeavor Global as a non-governmental organization with such similar focus is critically analyzed. The analysis shall be taken from an appraisal perspective, aiming at examining the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities of the organization. NGO’s Mission and Operational Practices Endeavor Global has a simp le mission of â€Å"lead the global movement to catalyze long-term economic growth by selecting, mentoring, and accelerating the best High-Impact Entrepreneurs around the world† (Endeavor, 2013). This mission spelt out by the organization clearly defines the operational practices that they follow in the accomplishment and achievement of their goals as an organization. First, the organization functions as a catalyst for economic growth. This means that the organization believes that economic growth would take place in one way or the other among businesses and companies. However, it takes an extra effort to facilitating the rate of expected economic growth and this extra effort is what Endeavor Global seeks to stand for. Again as part of operational practices, the organization sets itself up for strict research and development into emerging markets to identify and monitor entrepreneurs whose business operations bring them to that stage or level of global competitiveness that ca n be referred to as ‘High-Impact’. By high-impact, reference is made to entrepreneurs who have been identified to have great potential for impact (Crabb, 2008). Finally, the organization is concerned with issuing out specific technical and financial support to all such high-impact entrepreneurs that are identified. Successful creation of social change Indeed, the entire paradigm of operational complexity that is practiced by Endeavor Global is focused on the creation of social change and the improvement of markets in emerging countries. This is because the organization operations on the theoretical principle of social entrepreneurship. By social entrepreneurship, reference is being made to the selection and support of entrepreneurs who exhibit key ideologies of operation such as being mission-related, have a perceived need of clients, and have need for profit, though not making it a primary motivation (Sesan, 2006). In effect, Endeavor Global has focus for entrepreneurs whose ultimate goal is to influence and improve society through their business operations. This must however not be mistaken for nonprofit organizations as it is very much possible to be profit oriented and yet focused on social growth and change. Apart from this approach taken by the organization, the fact that is makes its target of entrepreneurs from emerging markets alone can be said to be a huge focus on social change. This is because there is enough research evidence to support the notion and thinking that most of the world’s social challenges and problems that need to be changed and improved are in emerging and developing markets (Hundnut & DeTienne, 2010). In effect, any support

Britain and the empire The Great Irish Famine Essay

Britain and the empire The Great Irish Famine - Essay Example This essay will focus on Christine Kinealy’s findings on the famine, mostly related to the relationship of Britain and Ireland during the years of the famine including relationship of the famine with churches, with monarchy, and the nationalist movement. Ever since the famine occurred in 1845, there have been a number of books and literature works published on it, yet the work of Kinealy has taken the famine literature to another level. Kinealy uses many sources and research materials that were otherwise not used to evaluate the famine. With these sources, she demonstrated another aspect of the famine with the relationship of Ireland and Britain during the famine. She focused on the role of the government and also on the importance of saving lives through private charity. Another aspect which Kinealy focuses on is the food supply which no one had ever discussed before. She talked about how Ireland produced enough food even after the potato blight. It was her work which gave a new vision to the impact of the famine and the aspects which were given least attention. The book is an evaluation of Kinealy’s survey A Death Dealing Famine which she conducted in 1997. Her intention towards this book was not to give a general history, but to examine the famine through the number of different contexts and through her narrative. On her research of different contexts, there is new material presented on charity, memory, and the religious response. The interpretation of Kinealy is identical to the controversial claim in 1997 that Ireland had in reality not suffered with deficit of food and the famine was artificial. Kinealy carried out a lot of research on the famine and chose to write about her ideology. Her book was highly criticized as it gave a different yet true picture of the Irish famine after about 50 years of misinterpretation. Her view and research actually

Chocolate Industry Essay Example for Free

Chocolate Industry Essay Quality Crafted Chocolate is an online business selling luxury, crafted chocolate our chocolate products are a boxed assorted chocolates for Holidays, birthdays, and more, we believe chocolate is a versatile gift for many occasions. As an online based company we have the opportunity to use our technology to tailor our packaging to our individual customers in ways never before possible. There are two good things to report about the chocolate market. Firstly: Consumer demand for chocolate is on the rise worldwide. Secondly: competition is developing steadily . The according to NCA estimates, based on the U. S. Census Bureaus annual Confectionery Report, retail sales of chocolate confectionery in all channels reached $18 billion in 2010. Annual sales have increased 3 to 4 percent per year for the past several years, and market research firm Packaged Facts forecasts the industry will grow to $18 billion by 2011. The undisputed leader for North American sales of chocolate products, the U. S. has a market share estimated at over 86 percent. But behind the encouraging headlines, many companies are battling to stay on top of a rapidly shifting marketplace, as fast-growing economies and empowered consumers demand more from their products. The constant change in the market structure, shares and prices, due to the emergence of new chocolate manufacturers, demonstrates a threat for the existing chocolate and confectionery companies like Quality Crafted Chocolates. Part of our market research was to do a search volume estimate for the US market using Google AdWords. We first searched the broad keyword â€Å"chocolate† and below are the results with the top five keywords ranked in order of high to low based on amount of searches. |Keyword |Competition |Global Monthly Searches |Local Monthly Searches (United States) | |chocolate |0. 31 |30400000 |9140000 | |gifts |0. 77 |16600000 |9140000 | |chocolate chocolate |0. 31 |30400000 |9140000 | |the chocolate |0. 31 |30400000 |9140000 | |candy |0. 37 |16600000 |7480000 | When we then did a search in the google search engine for the highest ranked keyword â€Å"chocolate†, the company that ranked #1 was www.godiva. com a major competitor in the industry. Second was www. ghirardelli. com which is also a worthy competitor. The third was www. cadbur. co. uk but they would not be considered a competitor since their company was based in the UK and had products that were not directed towards the same consumer. This was followed by www. hersheys. com another major supplier in the industry. Another very relevant competitor was www. sees. com carrying much of the same product was ranked #7 in the searched google keyword. The second highest searched keyword from the Google AdWords results was â€Å"gifts† these results were vastly different from the previous keyword. None of the company website associated with this keyword in the google search engine were related in any way to the chocolate industry. The third searched keyword â€Å"chocolate chocolate† results in google ranked #1 www. chocolate2. com a competitor in the quality crafted chocolate market for special occasions. Then was www. chocolatedc. com another direct competitor with. Third was www. chocolatechocolate.com a close competitor with a very similar product line of molded novelties chocolate. After researching each of the searched suppliers we narrowed in on those companies that operated in the same market, offering similar products and targeting similar customers. The top three were Godiva www. godiva. com, world famous Belgian chocolates available online for the U. S. market only. Compared to Quality Crafted Chocolate this supplier is one of our toughest competitors. Godiva Chocolatier was brought to America in 1966 and has been the leader in premium chocolate ever since. Godiva owns and operates hundreds of boutiques worldwide specializing in fine chocolates and chocolate gifts. The second is the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company www. ghirardelli. com, a leading manufacturer, marketer and retailer of premium American chocolates and chocolate beverage mixes, controlling the entire manufacturing process. It distributes its products nationwide. Their customized crafted chocolates make them stand out in the market. The third company is Sees Candies www. sees. com a manufacturer and distributor of candy, particularly chocolate, in the western United States. The company is known for it’s quality chocolate and chocolate gifts with their unique approach of allowing their customer to choose their own selection of chocolate to be packaged. Their motto is â€Å"Create your own assortment of boxed chocolates send chocolate gifts to family friends! † A true competitor in the chocolate market, with a similar product of gift boxes of premium quality chocolate for that special occasion. | | | | |Company Website |Rank (US Market) |Global Rank | | www. godiva. com |10,998 |37,423 | |www. ghirardelli. com | 20,916 |62,163 | |www. sees. com |13,015 |35,780 |.

Max Dupain Essay Example for Free

Max Dupain Essay The sunbaker was taken in 1938 Some of the artistic intentions and reasons that Max Dupain has taken this photograph exactly in this way are that max Dupain has deliberately faded away the background in this photograph to highlight and draw the eye upon the picture of the man. He may also have decided to fade the background, as the way the sand blends in with the skin colour of the man, adds to Dupain’s theme of â€Å"beach culture†. Max Dupain has also taken this photograph as a full body close up of the man, which suits the photograph more. Like many of Dupain’s photograph, this photo is taken and has association with the beach. The atmosphere, from looking at the photograph, is quiet and unruffled and the mood can be described at peaceful; the conditions that most sunbakers love. This photograph focuses on the way that this scene was captured, as well as the man and the features he possesses. The Sunbaker by Max Dupain was an interesting photograph and the way he did it portrayed his theme of â€Å"beach culture† very well. By Maddi Meldrum

Design And Construction Fundamentals Of Earth Dams Environmental Sciences Essay

Design And Construction Fundamentals Of Earth Dams Environmental Sciences Essay This paper focuses on earth dams, one of the oldest earth dams. Forming service reservoir for domestic water supply and irrigation purpose, earth dams comprise the most numerous class. The design and construction of Earth dams are complex because of the nature of the varying foundation conditions and the different properties of the materials available for the construction of the embankment. Last but not least, an understanding of the potential failure of Earth dams is important in the design and construction process of the Earth dams. Earth dams, also called earthen or earth-filled dams are generally built in or near drainage line which has the variety of purposes including domestic water supplies, agricultural irrigation, water for landscape improvement and others. One advantage of the Earth dams is because it can adapt to a weak foundation provided proper consideration is given to the foundation and design of the Earth dams. However, failure of any important part of the Earth dams such as seepage, structural and foundation will lead to the collapse of the whole dam. Types of Earth Dams Constructed as a simple homogenous embankment of well compacted earth, earth dams are classified as Homogenous Earth Dams, Zoned Earth Dams and Diaphragm Dams. A brief discussion of the types of dams is as follow: Homogenous Earth Dam is a kind of common earth dams which consist of two main components; the impervious to semi-pervious structure and the toe filter and the drain. The purpose of the filter and the drain is to provide a through way for seepage to exit the dam structure without causing erosion. This type of dam is usually built on an impervious foundation such as solid rock or clay. The next type of Earth dam is Diaphragm Dam. A diaphragm dam, can be used when there is no impervious layer below the dam and modification of the dam can be made to suit at an impervious layer. Besides, this type of dam is limited to a height of 8.0m in order to keep seepage forces at a safe level. Last type of Earth Dam is Zoned Dam. A Zoned Dam is known to be the most efficient use of soil as each material is used to its greatest potential. The slope protection protects the shoulder from erosion and wave action, the core retains the water and the shoulders stabilize the core. Lastly, figure 1 shows the 3 types of earth dams. Figure 1. Cross section of Homogenous Earth dam, Zoned earth Dam and Diaphragm Dams 2. DESIGN OF EARTH DAM Earth dam is built for the purpose of storing water and is made of compacted earth. It is usually more convenient when concrete is expensive and timber is scarce. 2.1 Foundation A site investigation should be conducted prior to construction so as to investigate the nature of the foundation. By knowing the actual foundation condition at site, the earth dam can then be designed according to it. A dam foundation is said to be adequate if it is capable of providing a stable support for the embankment under all condition of saturation and loading and that it provide enough resistance to seepage to avoid excessive loss of water (Bureau of reclamation 1987). According to Bureau of reclamation (1987), dam foundation can be generally classified into three types namely foundations of rock, foundations of coarse-grained material and foundation of fine-grained material. These foundations may need to be treated to stabilize any weakness as well as to reduce seepage. For instance, coarse-grained, pervious foundations present no difficulties in the matter of settlement or stability whereas a fine-grained, weak foundation is subject to settlement or displacement usually present no problem in seepage. Rock foundation on the other hand must be checked for erosive leakage and excessive uplift pressure. If such conditions exist, grouting to the foundation must be considered. 2.2 Soil Earth dam is usually built with clay, sand and gravel and hence is also known as earth fill dam. The type of soil used in the construction of an earth dam must be suitable to allow for optimum compaction as well to reduce seepage. Soil permeability is one of important criteria to be considered in dam design, seepage-confinement units, drainage and other structural elements (Goldin, AL Rasskazov, LN 1992). Seepage usually occurs in fine-grained soils such, with greater permeability, as well as in some coarse-grained soils (Goldin, AL Rasskazov, LN 1992). Higher frictional resistance and greater permeability in granular soils is the reason for its greater stability as compared to cohesive soils. Greater permeability permits rapid dissipation of pore water pressures resulting from compressive forces. 2.3 Embankment In determining the height of the embankment, it is necessary to allocate for a settlement between 5 to 10 percent. This is to prevent its height becoming lower than the spillway height (Figure 1) since settlement is unavoidable despite having a good compaction since air and water out are being forced out of the voids by the weight of the dam, hence causing consolidation (Shaw, R Smout, I 2009). During compaction, equal effort should be applied throughout the dam to prevent differential settlement. The minimum compaction effort should not be less than 95% of the Standard Maximum Dry Density (Department of Primary Industries and Water 2008). The stability of the embankment depends largely on its ability to resist shear stress which comes from internally applied loads such as the weight of the soil and the embankment slopes, and externally applied loads such as reservoir and earthquake loads. As mentioned earlier, steeper slopes can be adopted for granular soils since they are more stable. In contrast, a gentler slope needs to be applied for homogenous material with low permeability. Figure 1. Cross section of an earth dam 2.4 Spillway Spillway plays an important role in earth dam since it allows excessive water to flow without overtopping the dam wall. There are two types of spillway namely the cut spillway (Figure 2) and natural spillway. Figure 2. The position of a cut spillway In order to reduce water velocity and subsequently minimize erosion, a gentle slope for the spillway must be provided. However, for steep slope, loose stones or geotextile can be provided to reduce erosion. Apart from that, adequate capacity of the spillway must be provided to prevent overtopping and to enable the spillway to effectively handle run-off. 3. CONSTRUCTION ON EARTH DAMS Stripping Organic soil and vegetation must be removed from the area that will covered by the dam base. The removed organic soil are stockpiled and used on the downstream slope of the fill. Key trench Key trench which is also known as cutoff trench is excavated below the base of the fill to a minimum of three feet deep for dam with 10 to 12 feet height. The key trench is included in the dam design to secure the dam to the base material and to prevent seepage under the fill. Diversion tunnel Diversion channels are excavated before the dam can be constructed. This tunnel often lined with concrete. The tunnel is built around the dam construction area at one side of the valley. In the drill holes, explosive materials are placed and blasting will takes place. The soil or broken rock is then removed. The steps are repeated until the tunnel is completed. Figure : Building a diversion channel In Figure, after the dam construction is completed, the diversion channel is closed o allow the lake to begin filling. Figure : Closure of diversion tunnel Cofferdam In summer, the construction on diverting the river starts when the river levels are low. At the upstream of the upstream of the main dam construction area, small dam which is also called as cofferdam are built. It is built using earth-moving equipment. The cofferdam will acts as a barrier to the river and the water will flow to the diversion tunnels. The second cofferdam will be built downstream of the main dam construction area. At this area, the cofferdam will prevent the river flow to flow back into the construction area. Figure : Cofferdams act as barriers to the river Foundation Grouting Grouting consists of lines or a line of holes that are drilled into the dam foundation. The types of foundation grouting are curtain and consolidation grouting. Curtain grouting Curtain grouting consists of a single row of gout holes that are drilled and grouted in sequence by packer testing to the base of the permeable rock or to a depth that acceptable hydraulic gradients are achieved (Fell et al 2005). Based on Figure, primary holes are drilled first. The last hole spacing will normally be 1.5m or 4m, but also may be as close as 0.5m (Fell et al 2005). This approach allows control over the efficiency of the curtain grouting. Figure : Curtain and consolidation grouting (Fell et al, 2005) Figure :Grouting downstage with packer (WRC, 1981) Fill construction Earth dam is usually constructed from impervious material which is clay or clay-based material. The construction materials, taken from the surrounding area have to be placed and compacted horizontally in the fill. Dry soil are usually added with moisture and compaction equipment such as a sheepsfoot packer used to obtain the proper compaction. The construction started by filling the cutoff trench with well-compacted material and six inch layers is added until the maximum height is obtained. The top of the dam at the center of the draw is usually built 10 per cent higher than the design to allow settlement of the fill. Based on Figure, a riparian pipe is placed through the bottom of the fill and a frost-free valve is placed on the riparian pipe. This pipe and valve system function is to allow water to be released downstream to other water storage facilities during water shortages. Figure : Elevation view of dam 4. POTENTIAL FAILURES OF EARTH DAMS Potential failures of dams have always been great importance and much attention has been given to safety evaluation and research due to their disastrous effects. According to Fell, MacGregor, Stapledon and Bell (2005), 79% of Earth dams with less than 30m high suffer more failures than higher dams. This may reflect better design, monitoring and surveillance of larger dams. Potential failures of earth dam can be grouped into three categories: Hydraulics failure, seepage failure and structural failures. A detail discussion of the types of potential failure of earth dam is as follow: 4.1 Hydraulics Failure Hydraulics failure occurs by the surface erosion of the dam by water. Hydraulics failure is due to several reasons. One of hydraulics failure is overtopping of dams. Overtopping failure occurs when the level of the reservoir exceeds the capacity of the dam. According to Fell, MacGregor, Stapledon and Bell (2005), over-topping is one of the main causes of failure in Earth dams. Overtopping may also be caused by insufficient freeboard provided. Next, erosion of upstream force due to continuous wave action caused erosion of the dam. However, this can be avoided if the surface is protected by stone rip-rap and filter. The next reason is due to erosion of downstream slope by rain water. Although the downstream face of the embankment is not affected by reservoir water, it may get eroded by heavy rain flowing down the face of the dam, causing the formation of gullies and finally collapse of the whole dam. 4.2 Seepage failure Seepage failure is also known as piping failure. Seepage failures are generally caused by pervious foundation, leakage through embankments, conduit leakage and sloughing. All dams have seepage as the impounded water seeks path of least resistance through the dam structure and its foundation. If the surface seepage intersects the upstream face of the dam, erosion may occur which will lead to possible failure of the dam. Typical method used to control the quantity of seepage is rock fills installed at the downstream toe or gravel blankets to intersect the line of seepage before it reaches downstream toe as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Seepage through a dam or embankment with rock toe or gravel blanket. 4.3 Structural Failure Structural failure includes failure of the upstream, downstream slopes of the earth dam, foundation as well as cracking deformation and settlement of the dam structure that may lead to overtopping or seepage failure. Slides in Embankment occur when the slopes are too steep for the shear strength of the embankment material to resist the stresses imposed. Failure of this type usually cause by faulty design and construction. As for foundation failure, it occurs because of excessive pore water pressure which reduces the strength of the soil which it may not be able to resist the shear stresses induced by the embankment. Furthermore, damage caused by burrowing animals lead to structural failure. This causes seepage water to flow out quickly, carrying fine materials along which consequently leads to piping failure within the structure of the dam and finally lead to a complete collapse of the dam. 5. CONCLUSION

Humorous Wedding Speech by Brother of Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts S

Humorous Wedding Speech by Brother of Groom Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. On behalf of the bridesmaids, I must thank Donald for his kind words. I must also thank all of you for coming today - I know how hard it is to get a day release. As Donald’s lighter brother – sorry, I meant little brother, which is simply a reference to the fact that he is older than I am, and nothing else – I would also like to welcome Liz into the family. I think you’ll find the Endeans to be a warm and open family - but never play cards with any of us. Historically, June is the traditional month to marry, and these origins actually date back to medieval times when people only properly bathed once a year, typically during May when the weather improved. It’s true. June therefore became a popular marriage time, mainly because that's when people smelled their best. And if you know Donald at all, you’ll believe why June is a good month for him to marry as well. And if you don’t know him, just take it from someone who shared a bunk bed with him for 4 years. As Donald’s younger brother, it’s wonderful for me to be doing this job today. And, in being asked by Donald to be best man, I think it’s an admission from him that I am the best person and therefore the best son. So, in my role as best son, I’d like to inform my mother and father that it was not me who drove your car into the side of the house. It was not me who broke th... ...ternoon - that’s for Liz later on this evening. Donald, you are an extremely lucky man to have met Liz, and I’m slightly dumbfounded as to how you persuaded her to agree to marry you. But I’m delighted that you did. And Liz, it is a wonderful pleasure to welcome you to our family today. And whilst I continue on this uncharacteristically sincere note, I'd like to express my heartfelt congratulations to you both, and to thank you for choosing me as best man. You may well now regret it, but of course – it’s too late. Ladies and gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to invite you all to stand and raise your glasses in a toast to my brother, Donald, and his new wife, Liz – to the new Mr and Mrs Endean.

Zechariah Essay -- essays research papers fc

Zechariah Zechariah is one of the Minor Prophets of the Old Testament. His book is located between the books of Haggai and Malachi. Zechariah is thought to have preached from about 520-518 B.C. The book of Zechariah deals with the restoration of Jerusalem, the Temple, and God‘s people. Chapter 11 verses 4-17, which is a story of two shepherds, is one of the most difficult passages in the Old Testament to understand. From the New Living Translation, the passage reads as follows: 4 This is what the LORD my God says: "Go and care for a flock that is intended for slaughter. 5 The buyers will slaughter their sheep without remorse. The sellers will say, 'Praise the LORD, I am now rich!' Even the shepherds have no compassion for them. 6 And likewise, I will no longer have pity on the inhabitants of the land," says the LORD. "I will let them fall into each other's clutches, as well as into the clutches of their king. They will turn the land into a wilderness, and I will not protec t them." 7 So I cared for the flock intended for slaughter – the flock that was oppressed. Then I took two shepherd's staffs and named one Favor and the other Union. 8 I got rid of their three evil shepherds in a single month. But I became impatient with these sheep – this nation – and they hated me, too. 9 So I told them, "I won't be your shepherd any longer. If you die, you die. If you are killed, you are killed. And those who remain will devour each other!" 10 Then I took my staff called Favor and snapped it in two, showing that I had revoked the covenant I had made with all the nations. 11 That was the end of my covenant with them. Those who bought and sold sheep were watching me, and they knew that the LORD was speaking to them through my actions. 12 And I said to them, "If you like, give me my wages, whatever I am worth; but only if you want to." So they counted out for my wages thirty pieces of silver. 13 And the LORD said to me, "Throw it to the potters" – this magnificent sum at which they valued me! So I took the thirty coins and threw them to the potters in the Temple of the LORD. 14 Then I broke my other staff, Union, to show that the bond of unity between Judah and Israel was broken. 15 Then the LORD said to me, "Go again and play the part of a worthless shepherd. 16 This will illustrate how I will give this nation a... ...ill leave them to be destroyed in the hands of the false prophets and corrupt leaders of the land. God tells them that he really does not want it to come to this, because the passage ends with a prophecy about what will become of the worthless shepherd. I think this is a message to false prophets that eventually no one will believe them, and also to the leaders or kings that they will lose all of their power and military strength. God reminds them that he really is helping protect them from the full effect of their sins even if they don’t realize it. In other words, things could be a lot worse, but God loves humans so much that he won’t let it get worse. The general message is for the people to clean up their act and repent so these bad things won’t happen. Bibliography Works Cited Chisholm, Robert B., Jr. Interpreting The Minor Prophets. Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1990. Brown, William P. Westminster Bible Companion: Obadiah Through Malachi. Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. Holy Bible New Living Translation. Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. 1996. Meyers, Carol L., and Eric M. Meyers. The Anchor Bible: Zechariah 9-14.New York: Doubleday. 1993.

Essay --

APPLE’S PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES The keynote at Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2013 offers yet another opportunity to learn fresh and effective techniques that you can and should apply to your presentations. Stick to one theme per slide. It means that it is better not to put the two topics or statistics in one slide. Apple brings this recommendation to the top and becomes as laconic as can be. Apple had to deliver the following idea: â€Å"The developer program is incredibly vibrant. We have over six million registered developers. Demand for this show has never been greater. We sold out in just over a minute [71 seconds].† Let’s think how many slides you would create. Most people would put the two statistics, 6 million and 71 seconds, on one slide. Apple CEO, Tim Cook, had two slides. The first one simply read: 6 million. The second slide read: 71 seconds. The second slide also had the words â€Å"Sold Out† in red. We know that facts and statistic have benefits and drawbacks. If used effectively they offer quick, credible support for your message. Make data visual. In the presentation of Apple Tim Cook announced that Apple customers have downloaded 50 billion apps from the App Store. Instead of simply putting the number on the screen, as most presenters would do, Apple designers created a visual display of the data with zeroes that are actually images of apps. Creative visual cues can impress the audience and become more memorable. Always avoid bullet points. There are images and text (sometimes on the same slide) on Apple slides, but no bullet points. The theory says, â€Å"Include no more than four to six lines of text on one slide- this can be one quote, three bullets that are two lines each, or one example.† The designer... ... part of your company story. Apple’s team presentation is a better role model for creating, designing and delivering presentations. It appears as mix of informative and persuasive presentations. It is perfect example of how speakers’ body language and words match one other. Supporting materials in this presentation add interest, visual impact, and credibility. Techniques that Apple used in this presentation are extremely impressive and effective. Work Cited: DiResta, Diane. Knockout Presentations. Worcester ( Mass.): Chandler House, 1998. Print. Goodall, H. Lloyd., Sandra Goodall, and Jill Schiefelbein. Business and Professional Communication in the Global Workplace. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Pub., 2010. Print. Gallo, Carmine. "10 Presentation Techniques You Can (And Should) Copy From Apple's WWDC Keynote." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 11 June 2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2013.

Ghandi vs Jesus

Jesus Christ, who is the founder for Christianity, and Mahatma Gandhi, who is the teacher for Hindu, is two teachers that have similarities in their ways of teaching. These two religions are totally different, but they Gandhi was considered a modern day of Jesus, since they share same ideas about what they teach and practice. One major similarity in teaching between these two religions, are that they are both based on non-violence. Gandhi and Jesus both believe that, non-violence is the greatest force that human must maintain and use to achieve in any struggles. They also teach that non-violence should be use as a means to bring about changes within a society, which can be social or even political. This brings about also another similarity in their teaching, which is the teaching of being compassion. Jesus teaches his followers to love their enemies as thyself (Matthew 5:44), instead of showing them hatred and anger. Gandhi teaches the same to his followers, showing compassion to everyone including the enemies, instead of fighting against each other who might be the enemies. Gandhi believes that this will assist with easing the anger and violence that they might have for each other, which will then allows individual’s reactions towards them become compassionate. The â€Å"Sermon on the Mount† is what is said to attach Gandhi towards Jesus teaching. Gandhi states that this part of the bible made him become more aware of not only of non-violence, but also the â€Å"Law of Love†. They both believe and teach that individuals should have endless love and should not retaliate no matter of the situation. The good shall be embrace and the evil should not be thought about in order to live a life without issue and which is good. Forgiveness was another common similarity in Jesus and Gandhi teachings. Jesus state that one should forgive and forget, also one should turn the other cheek instead of hitting back an abuser. This also incorporates the teaching of non-violence, they both teaches that violence will bring about more wrongs instead of rights. Jesus sacrifices himself for his people which were also showing love to his followers. While this was being done, he asks God to forgive the people conducting the sacrifice since they do not know what they are doing. Gandhi teaches that forgiveness truly show the truth and also the love in man. They both teach that one should forgive in order to continue living with compassion for each other. In conclusion, while examining the teachings of Jesus Christ and Mahatma Gandhi, there are a few common traits which are similar in their ways of teaching. Teaching their followers to be compassion, showing forgiveness and also teaching the followers to always behave in a non-violence way is some similarities between these two teachers. They both taught people to follow the right path in life, through having peace with each other, showing compassion and also loving each other. The main aim was to allow the followers to live a good life.

Divorce

Marriage can be defined as a union between a man and a woman. This was initiated by God after the creation. Marriage enables individuals to procreate by having children. People who are married usually live together and this makes it possible to share responsibilities in the house. People are expected to live happily in marriage considering that marriage occurs between individuals who love each other. During marriage, individuals take vows that they will live together as a long as they are alive. However, this has changed and what has been observed is that some marriages break after some time.Court cases facilitating divorce have been on increase. In the previous years, divorce was something that was unacceptable. However, the society seems to be accepting divorce due to the circumstances surrounding a marriage. The highest proportion of the society members argue that divorce should not be allowed due to its consequences. In United States, people believe that people have the freedom t o do whatever they wish with their lives. In this regard people should be allowed to divorce when they feel that there is a need. This research paper will argue against divorce in the society.It will also look at both sides of the argument so that it can prove there is a need to protect marriages (Clarke-Stewart). Divorce has many negative consequences for the couples involved and the children in the family and this is why it should be avoided at all costs. Financial management is a challenge to divorced couples. Individuals should consider the costs associated with divorce. In the first place, the divorce process requires expenditure. This may be so expensive for the couples involved. Second, the parties involved need to seek a new residential area which involves a cost.One of the parties incurs greater costs in meeting the costs of paying school fees for the children. If there is no divorce, it means that individuals share these costs such that there is no burden in meeting these expenses (Peterson). Two individuals are also able to better plan for their finances for the future benefit as compared to when all the decisions are made by one individual. The money that could have been wasted in the divorce process could be invested so that the couple can receive future revenues from their investment activities.There are various reasons why people divorce. In the first place, couples argue that there is lack of commitment in their relationships. This means that one of the partners is less concerned about the social needs of the family such as socializing, meeting financial needs, meeting educational needs of the children and planning for the future. This makes one person to seek a happier marriage elsewhere after divorce (Wallerstein). When both persons are not committed infidelity is a constant problem, a partner may be unfaithful such that he/she engages in extramarital sex.In this case, the other partner feels that this is not acceptable considering that the c urrent world is full of sexually transmitted diseases some of which are very dangerous. The offended party in the marriage finds that the best way to deal with the situation is through divorce. Another reason is financial problems. Unfortunately, money is a problem for almost everyone, and it is even more so with married couples who more than likely split the bill in most situations, financial obligations can cause conflict between couples.When they get married, they have to be certain that they are financially prepared for an increase of expenses, especially if the birth of a child is involved. Also unemployment can cause conflicts between the marriage, due to arguments about expenses, not being able to find a new job, or one individual feeling superior to the other. When this happen couples opt for a divorce since after the separation the stress will be less and money can be manage better by just one person. Communication is essential to a successful marriage.We have all heard thi s at some point in our lives but at the present time there are many married couples that lack of communication for several different reasons such as work schedules, demanding families or even technological distractions. This soon creates anger and frustration builds up, which ends in larger issues. Larger issues are not as easy to solve as smaller ones. Even if the couple manages to work out these issues and stay together, it’s not a real marriage. Without communication, there is no relationship and therefore the marriage is ready for divorce.Generally, there are many challenges that make people to divorce. These reasons are reasonable and people seek to be in marriages that are more satisfactory. Some of the problems that lead to divorce are intentional and some spouses find it difficult to continue with marriage. Some Christians also argue that individuals are allowed to divorce if the reason for divorce is infidelity. Infidelity is unacceptable even to the Christians and p eople are allowed to divorce if this happens in their marriage.

Pros of the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy Essay

My topic was about the proÂ’s of the overthrow of the monarchy. A few of the reasons why the overthrow of the monarchy was good was because Hawaii started to become multi-cultural . Being multi-cultural can be looked upon as good if you see it as a way to diversify our cultures. Not to many states are as diversified as Hawaii which is special, some people are only one race like me but a lot of people here are a combination of many different ethnicities like Japanese, Chinese, Hawaiian, Samoan, black, and white this combination of all the ethnicities is what makes the people here that live in Hawaii unique. Another reason why the overthrow of the monarchy was good was because it ultimately it led up to the annexation of Hawaii to the US. When we became a U.S. territory Hawaii improved. Hawaii gained a sewer system, great fortunes were made by the industry people like the sugar and pineapple plantation owners, and also the real estate business boomed. A very important thing that happen when we became the 50th state of the U.S. was that America extended the bill of rights which gave women the right to vote. Before in the monarchy only 21 year old white male that could read and write English could vote. This gave women and men and the Hawaiian people more rights. Another pro of what the overthrow of the monarchy is that now there was not only one ruler. Instead of it being only one ruler it became a democracy. Even thought the system of 1 dictator was working out so far the island of Hawaii was rapidly changing and only having one monarch would probably not have fit the need of all that was happening in the islands. There was the needs of the native Hawaiian that was probably the most important to her, the needs of the sugar cane and pineapple owners. The plantations owner would want more land and so would the Hawaiians the needs of everybody on the island could have gotten too out of control for just 1 monarch to handle so having a democratic government would solve the need for all of that. Even though some Hawaiians feel that the overthrow of the monarchy was a bad thing there are some Hawaiians that actually think that the overthrow of the monarchy was a good thing. Earl Arakaki from ‘Ewa Beach wrote in a letter to the editor that that annexation to the United States was the best thing that  could happen to Hawaii, both for the native and foreign population. I am proud to be a part of the united states and IÂ’m proud to be a native Hawaiian. Some Hawaiians accepted these changes and have adapted them into their lifestyles. Called the bi-cultural Hawaiians, they took the best from both worlds. In a diary entry that Queen Liliokalani wrote she said and I quote “Tho’ for a moment (the overthrow) cost me a pang of pain for my people, it was only momentary, for the present has a hope for the future of my people.”Hawaiian people are quite diverse of the subject on the overthrow of the monarchy although the native Hawaiian view point has been expresses many times there is always more than one side of a storyOur group opinion of the overthrow of the monarchy was bad because many Hawaiians lost the very culture that made them individual to the other races. Having the Hawaiian monarchy taken away from the Hawaiians was as if something you were really used to and were just fine with ripped away from you and told that it was wrong and you should start to live the way that we live and not even having a say in it. We also think that the overthrow of the monarchy was good too in a way because if the overthrow wouldnÂ’t have happened then like where would we be now? Some of us might not have ever met or even been born. Its like some of our parents would have never met and the way that Hawaii is now would be way, way different Bibliography Pat, Pitzer. â€Å"The Overthrow of the Monarchy.† Hawaiian Independence. May 1994. 20 August 2006 . Samuel Kaluna, Kaluna. â€Å"Hawaii is not legally a state!.† 21 August 2007 .